Nova Scotia: History and People

The Mi'Kmaq Indians inhabited Nova Scotia long before the first explorers arrived from Europe. The first visitors were Norsemen in the early 11th century, and, in 1497, Italian sea captain John Cabot noted the rich fishing grounds in the area. In the 17th century, all of Nova Scotia, as well as parts of Quebec, New Brunswick and Maine were settled by the French. Pierre de Monts established the first successful agricultural settlement in Canada, at Port Royal in 1605. In the next century, the British and the French feuded over the area. Control of the area passed back and forth until 1713, when all of Acadia was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Utrecht.

Worldwide conflict between Britain and France continued. The Acadians, settlers from France, tried to convince both sides of their neutrality, but by 1755 the British had decided that the Acadians posed too great a security threat. They expelled all Acadians who would not swear allegiance to the British Crown. Farms were torched, and the population was expelled. Some escaped, most were deported. Some of the exiles returned to France, some settled in New France. Those deported to the Louisiana Territories in what is today the United States, are now known as "Cajuns."

In 1783, thousands of colonists loyal to Britain, known as the United Empire Loyalists fled from the newly independent United States. Over 35,000 immigrated to Nova Scotia. The influx of the Loyalists doubled Nova Scotia's population; and, in 1784, it was partitioned to create the colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island.

In 1848 Nova Scotia became the first British colony to win responsible government.

Nova Scotia was one of the four provinces that constituted the new federation called the Dominion of Canada in 1867, with the signing of the British North America Act. Confederation helped to finance the railroad to Quebec City, which opened the province to the interior of the continent.

The province boomed in the era of the 'tall ships' with their wooden hulls and masts. However, international shipbuilding and the lumber and fish trades all faded as the resources depleted and metal ships replaced the great wooden boats of previous eras. The first and second world wars emphasized the importance of Halifax as one of the world's major military ports. A tragic explosion rocked Halifax when a munitions ship blew up during the First World War.

The twentieth century saw the diversification of Nova Scotia's economy, and its evolution from a resource-based economy to one that includes many types of production and distribution.

Over 80 percent of Nova Scotia's population of 936,092 trace their ancestry either wholly or partly to the British Isles. Those with French origin rank second: 18 percent of residents have some French ancestry. The next largest groups by ancestry are German and Dutch.

Many residents of Nova Scotia are also of Polish, Italian, Jewish and Lebanese descent. After the War of 1812, several thousand Blacks, including the Chesapeake Blacks, settled in the Halifax area; today over 15 000 residents of the province have Black origins. More recent immigrants to Nova Scotia have included Chinese, Indo-Chinese, African, Asian and eastern European groups. Almost 22 000 residents of Nova Scotia have Aboriginal origins and primarily belong to the Mi'Kmaq Nation.

The largest concentrations of population are found in the Halifax metropolitan area with a population of approximately 348 000 and the Sydney urban area with approximately 120 000.

Through time immemorial New Brunswick was home to Maliseet (Malecite) and Mi'Kmaq (Micmac) Indians who hunted, fished, grew corn and squash along the riverbanks. The Europeans knew it as early as the 1400s, when Basque fishermen fished off the Grand Banks. Jacques Cartier visited the east coast of present-day New Brunswick in 1534. The Mi'Kmaqs received Champlain and the French when they landed in New Brunswick in 1604. The French settlers who came and settled the area became known as the Acadians.

France and Britain feuded over the area for over a century. Control of the area passed back and forth between the British and French until the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 when modern New Brunswick became part of the French province of Acadia. In 1755 the British again defeated French forces and extended British rule to the area. In the same year the British expelled the Acadians from Nova Scotia - 500 of the deportees settled in present day New Brunswick.

In 1762 the first British settlement in New Brunswick was established at Saint John. In 1783, in the aftermath of the American Revolution, the western part of Nova Scotia became the home of thousands (14,000) United Empire Loyalists. These American colonists, wishing to remain faithful to the British Crown, founded communities in the northern part of the province. In 1784, New Brunswick became a separate colony from Nova Scotia. In 1867, New Brunswick joined with Nova Scotia, Lower Canada (Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario) to form the Dominion of Canada under the terms of the British North America Act of 1867.

At the beginning of the 20th century, New Brunswick saw and the collapse of the wooden ship industry. Pulp and paper then became the backbone of the New Brunswick economy. Hydroelectric resources, mining and agriculture also took on a more important role.

People

New Brunswick is Canada's only officially bilingual province, with the highest percentage of Francophones outside Quebec (almost 35 percent), The heritage of New Brunswick combines French, British Loyalist, Scots and Irish traditions, with later elements of German, Scandinavian and Asian. The Aboriginal people of New Brunswick number more than 12 000, most of them Mi'Kmaq and Malecite.